ca. Anno 1400: SENSATION Oldest hurdy-gurdy in the World - now on EBay

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ca. Anno 1400: SENSATION Oldest hurdy-gurdy in the World - now on EBay:
$65000.00

ca. Anno 1400:
The oldest hurdy-gurdy in the world - now on !Sensation! About 600 years old musical instrument!Note: I made some additional pictures on day-light, so you have now a better overview.I will sell here now in , the oldest hurdy-gurdy in existence!
There is nothing comparable worldwide!
It is the only hurdy gurdy in the world that has survived the Middle Ages!The oldest hurdy-gurdy’s known (until the discovery of the present piece in the year 1994)
are from the 17th. and 18th. Century,and found in different Museum around the world.
This musical instrument was played in the Middle Ages mostly by beggars and blind people, from which results also the German name \"Bauern- or Bettlerleier\".It was a popular instrument at this time, as you can prove by numerous illustrations and medieval paintings.By the way, if you could not master the hurdy-gurdy perfectly, it sounded very miserable! The present unique musical instrument was discovered in the year 1994 during a renovation of a late medieval house near the city wall of the of Konstanz am Bodensee and an X-ray examination took place later at the University of Erlangen under the observation of various recognized scientists and professors.
The piece was after exhibited for many years in the private Goslar Musical Instrument Museum.
It was there the \"highlight\" in the Museum which hold over 1000 musical instruments at this time.
The owner of the Museum Mr. Walter Erdmann died a few years ago and the heirs sold later all the musical instruments collection at an sale!
I\'m happy to say: \"I was there the lucky buyer of this sensational unquie piece!\"This hurdy-gurdy was also on display in the exhibition: \"Aufbruch in die Gotik\" Landesausstellung im kulturhistorischen Museum Magdeburg.(Saxony Anhalt)The discovery of this sensational hurdy-gurdy is referred in the Internet in newspaper reports,
as the \"oldest hurdy-gurdy in Europe\" but also in the \"world\". But certainly, and without any doubt, it is the oldest of its kind in the world.
A hurdy-gurdy usually was played during festivals all over Europe.
Because this piece was found in Constance, I believe that the hurdy-gurdy was probably played during the
Council of Constance in 1414-1418.
I assume that the Origination age is most likely a bit older than the year 1400,
probably the second half of the 14th century.Because of the wear marks, it seems that the musical instrument was used and played for a long time.Please use Google-search to find more information about this present piece:
(The internet is full of information about this sensational hurdy-gurdy)
see for example:
- \"Kuriose Instrumente stapeln sich bis unters Dach\" (Goslar Museum)
- \"Mittelalterliche Musikinstrumente Drehleier und Flöte im CT\" (Pictures of X-ray examinations of this Hurdy Gurdy)
- \"Computertomograph lässt Mittelalter wieder klingen on science\"
- \"Die Goslaer Drehleier : Hurdy-gurdy from Konstanz, Germany, conserved in Goslar :: ca. 1400-1450.\"
- YouTube \"Capella Antiqua Bambergensis & Schloß Wernsdorf\" (2:16 min.)
and much more.
The result and final report of the scientific examination by the professors for this hurdy gurdy, found here in Google: \"Vermessung mittelalterlicher Musikinstrumente pdf\"The instrument would certainly be a huge highlight for any museum or private collector.
Setting a value will certainly be difficult, because there is nothing comparable in the world.Offers welcome!
History and Provenance:
Found during refurbishment and renovation of a medieval house in Constance on Lake Constance (near the city wall). It was discovered under a floor, along with a ceramic bowl and some coins from the Middle Ages.Provenance: -Founded in 1994 during reconstruction of a medieval house in Constance on Lake Constance.
Purchase by museum director Walter Erdmann in Goslar.
-after the death of the museum director, acquired by myself.To the details:
Germany, 15th century, Drehleier (Hurdy-Gurdy)
Head made of a solid piece of wood, the swivel stuck, left side mounting slot for leather straps, body and head mounted with iron and bronze nails, turned wheel with iron crank, mounted on a shaft (still rotatable), flat bottom, tangent box still complete with all buttons, under this textile fregaments remains, age-related condition, worm-holes, dry-edged, two pegs missing, total length approx. 61.5 cm, width: max. approx. 31 cm, height of carcass: approx. 12 cm.
The hurdy-gurdy was examined
by Prof. dr. Wolfgang Spindler from Wernsdorf Castle near Bamberg,
by Prof. Dr. med. Tomas Sauer (University of Giessen),
by Prof.Dr. Achim Langenbucher
and by Prof. Dr. med. Willi Kalender (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg).
Literature: W. Spindler, hurdy-gurdy from Konstanz. In: Rainer Atzbach and Sven Lüken (edd.), Castle and rule. Berlin and Dresden 2010, page 184.Exhibitions: -Musikinstrumenten-Museum Goslar
-\"Aufbruch in die Gotik\" Landesausstellung im kulturhistorischen Museum Magdeburg.

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So please don\'t hesitate to send me a offer.Be the new owner of the oldest hurdy-gurdy in the world!I will ship with Fedex-International Priority only! The shipping is free!
Payment via Pay-Pal or Bank wire.
Please use the Internet Google search for further information about this wonderful musical instrument.
If you have any further questions, please contact me via informations about Hurdy Gurdies:The hurdy-gurdy is a stringed instrument that produces sound by a hand crank-turned, rosined wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions
much like a violin bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to those of a violin. Melodies are played on a keyboard that presses
tangents—small wedges, typically made of wood—against one or more of the strings to change their pitch. Like most other acoustic stringed instruments,
it has a sound board and hollow cavity to make the vibration of the strings audible.Most hurdy-gurdies have multiple drone strings, which give a constant pitch accompaniment to the melody, resulting in a sound similar to that of
bagpipes. For this reason, the hurdy-gurdy is often used interchangeably or along with bagpipes, particularly in Occitan, Catalan, Cajun French and
contemporary Asturian, Cantabric, Galician, and Hungarian folk music.Many folk music festivals in Europe feature music groups with hurdy-gurdy players. The most famous has been held since 1976 at Saint-Chartier in the
Indre département in Central France. In 2009, it relocated nearby to the Château d\'Ars at La Châtre, where it continues to take place during the week
nearest July 14 (Bastille Day).
Origins and historyAncient kings playing an organistrum, Santiago de Compostela
The hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from fiddles in either Europe or the Middle East (e.g., the rebab instrument) some time before
the eleventh century A.D.[2] The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih
(d. 911) describing the lira (lūrā) as a typical instrument within the Byzantine Empire.[3] One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the
organistrum, a large instrument with a guitar-shaped body and a long neck in which the keys were set (covering one diatonic octave). The organistrum
had a single melody string and two drone strings, which ran over a common bridge, and a relatively small wheel. Due to its size, the organistrum was
played by two people, one of whom turned the crank while the other pulled the keys upward. Pulling keys upward is cumbersome, so only slow tunes
could be played on the organistrum.The pitches on the organistrum were set according to Pythagorean temperament and the instrument was primarily used in monastic and church settings
to accompany choral music. Abbot Odo of Cluny (died 942) is supposed to have written a short description of the construction of the organistrum
entitled Quomodo organistrum construatur (How the Organistrum Is Made),[5][6] known through a much later copy, but its authenticity is very doubtful.
Another 10th-century treatise thought to have mentioned an instrument like a hurdy-gurdy is an Arabic musical compendium written by Al Zirikli.
One of the earliest visual depictions of the organistrum is from the twelfth-century Pórtico da Gloria (Portal of Glory) on the cathedral at
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain: it has a carving of two musicians playing an organistrum.[7]:47[8]:3
Hurdy-gurdy player in
Saint-Jean-des-Ollières, Puy-de-Dôme (France)
Later on, the organistrum was made smaller to let a single player both turn the crank and work the keys. The solo organistrum was known from Spain
and France, but was largely replaced by the symphonia, a small box-shaped version of the hurdy-gurdy with three strings and a diatonic keyboard.
At about the same time, a new form of key pressed from beneath was developed. These keys were much more practical for faster music and easier to
handle; eventually they completely replaced keys pulled up from above. Medieval depictions of the symphonia show both types of keys.During the Renaissance, the hurdy-gurdy was a very popular instrument (along with the bagpipe) and the characteristic form had a short neck and a
boxy body with a curved tail end. It was around this time that buzzing bridges first appeared in illustrations. The buzzing bridge (commonly called
the dog) is an asymmetrical bridge that rests under a drone string on the sound board. When the wheel is accelerated, one foot of the bridge lifts
from the soundboard and vibrates, creating a buzzing sound. The buzzing bridge is thought to have been borrowed from the tromba marina (monochord),
a bowed string instrument.During the late Renaissance, two characteristic shapes of hurdy-gurdies developed. The first was guitar-shaped and the second had a rounded
lute-type body made of staves. The lute-like body is especially characteristic of French instruments.
Detail of The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch, showing the first known depiction of a buzzing bridge on a hurdy-gurdy.
By the end of the 17th century changing musical tastes demanded greater polyphonic capabilities than the hurdy-gurdy could offer and pushed the
instrument to the lowest social classes; as a result it acquired names like the German Bauernleier \'peasant\'s lyre\' and Bettlerleier \'beggar\'s lyre.\'
During the 18th century, however, French Rococo tastes for rustic diversions brought the hurdy-gurdy back to the attention of the upper classes,
where it acquired tremendous popularity among the nobility, with famous composers writing works for the hurdy-gurdy. The most famous of these is
Nicolas Chédeville\'s Il pastor Fido, attributed to Vivaldi. At this time the most common style of hurdy-gurdy developed, the six-string vielle à
roue. This instrument has two melody strings and four drones. The drone strings are tuned so that by turning them on or off, the instrument can
be played in multiple keys (e.g., C and G, or G and D).During this time the hurdy-gurdy also spread further to Central Europe, where further variations developed in western Slavic countries,
German-speaking areas and Hungary (see the list of types below for more information on them). Most types of hurdy-gurdy were essentially extinct
by the early twentieth century, but a few have survived. The best-known are the French vielle à roue, the Hungarian tekerőlant, and the Spanish
zanfoña. In Ukraine, a variety called the lira was widely used by blind street musicians, most of whom were purged by Stalin in the 1930s
(See \"Persecuted bandurists\")[unreliable source?].
Vagabonds with hurdy-gurdy (1887 drawing)
The hurdy-gurdy tradition is well developed particularly in Hungary, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. In Ukraine, it is known as the lira or relia.
It was and still is played by professional, often blind, itinerant musicians known as lirnyky. Their repertoire has mostly para-religious themes.
Most of it originated in the Baroque period. In Eastern Ukraine, the repertoire includes unique historic epics known as dumy and folk dances.Lirnyky were categorised as beggars by the Russian authorities and fell under harsh repressive measures if they were caught performing in the
streets of major cities until 1902, when the authorities were asked by ethnographers attending the 12th All-Russian Archaeological conference to
stop persecuting them.The hurdy-gurdy is the instrument played by Der Leiermann, the street musician portrayed in the last, melancholy song of Schubert\'s Winterreise.
It is also featured and played prominently in the film Captains Courageous (1937) as the instrument of the character Manuel, acted by Spencer Tracy.2011 Eastown Bizarre Bazaar in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Jesse McIntosh plays at the 2011 Eastown Bizarre Bazaar in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
The instrument came into a new public consciousness when Donovan released his hit pop song, Hurdy Gurdy Man, in 1968. Although the song didn\'t use a
hurdy-gurdy, the repeated reference to the instrument in the song\'s lyrics sparked curiosity and interest among young people, eventually resulting in
an annual hurdy-gurdy music festival in the Olympic Peninsula area of the state of Washington each September.[9]Today, the tradition has resurfaced. Revivals have been underway for many years as well in Austria, Belgium and The Netherlands,[10]:85–116 Czech
Republic, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain and Sweden. As the instrument has been revived, musicians have used it in a variety of
styles of music (see the list of recordings that use hurdy-gurdy), including contemporary forms not typically associated with it.Other instruments called hurdy-gurdies
In the eighteenth century, the term hurdy-gurdy was also applied to a small, portable \"barrel organ\" (a cranked box instrument with a number of
organ pipes, a bellows and a barrel with pins that rotated and programmed the tunes) that was frequently played by poor buskers (street musicians).
Barrel organs require only the turning of the crank to play; the music is coded by pinned barrels, perforated paper rolls, and more recently by
electronic modules.[citation needed] The French call the barrel organ the Orgue de Barbarie (\"Barbary organ\"), and the Germans Drehorgel
(\"turned organ\"), instead of Drehleier (\"turning lyre\"). In Czech, the barrel organ is called Flašinet.TerminologyHurdy-gurdy player
A person who plays the hurdy-gurdy is called a hurdy-gurdyist, or (particularly for players of French instruments) viellist.In France, a player is called un sonneur de vielle (literally: \"a sounder of vielle\"), un vielleux or un vielleur.Because of the prominence of the French tradition, many instrument and performance terms used in English are commonly taken from the French, and
players generally need to know these terms to read relevant literature. Such common terms include the following:trompette: the highest-pitched drone string that features the buzzing bridge
mouche: the drone string pitched a fourth or fifth below the trompette
petit bourdon: the drone string pitched an octave below the trompette
gros bourdon: the drone string pitched an octave below the mouche
chanterelle(s): melody string(s), also called chanters or chanter strings in English
chien: (literally \"dog\"), the buzzing bridge
tirant: a small peg set in the instrument\'s tailpiece that is used to control the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge
Names of the instrumentTwo Hungarian-style hurdy-gurdies (tekerőlants)Hurdy-gurdy in Museu de la Música de Barcelona
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the mid 18th century origin of the term hurdy-gurdy is onomatopoeic in origin, after the repetitive
warble in pitch that characterizes instruments with solid wooden wheels that have warped due to changes in humidity or after the sound of the
buzzing-bridge.[11] Alternately, the term is thought to come from the Scottish and northern English term for uproar or disorder, hirdy-girdy[7]:41
or from hurly-burly,[7]:40 an old English term for noise or commotion. The instrument is sometimes more descriptively called a wheel fiddle in
English, but this term is rarely used among players of the instrument. Another possible derivation is from the Hungarian \"hegedűs\" (Slovenian
variant \"hrgadus\") meaning a fiddle.In France, the instrument is known as vielle à roue (wheel fiddle) or simply vielle (even though there is another instrument with this name),
while in the French-speaking regions of Belgium it is also known in local dialects as vièrlerète/vièrlète or tiesse di dj\'va (\'horse\'s head\').
[7]:38 The Flemings and the Dutch call it a draailier, which is similar to its German name, Drehleier. An alternate German name, Bauernleier,
means \"peasant\'s lyre\". In Italy, it is called the ghironda or lira tedesca while in Spain, it is a zanfona in Galicia, zanfoña in Zamora, rabil
in Asturias and viola de roda in Catalonia. In the Basque language, it is known as a zarrabete. In Portugal, it is called sanfona.[13]:211–221The Hungarian name tekerőlant and the alternate forgólant both mean \"turning lute.\" Another Hungarian name for the instrument is nyenyere, which
is thought to be an onomatopoeic reference to the repetitive warble produced by a wheel that is not even. This term was considered derogatory in
the Hungarian lowlands, but was the normal term for the instrument on Csepel island directly south of Budapest.[citation needed] The equivalent
names ninera and niněra are used in Slovakia and the Czech Republic respectively. In Russian and Ukrainian the instrument is called \"wheel lyre\"
(колёсная лира, колісна ліра). In Poland it is called \"cranked lyre\" (lira korbowa).Leier, lant, and related terms today are generally used to refer to members of the lute or lyre family, but historically had a broader range of
meaning and were used for many types of stringed instruments.Design
ShapeMajor parts of a modern French-type hurdy-gurdy
In her overview of the instrument\'s history, Palmer recorded twenty-three different forms,[7]:23–34 and there is still no standardized design today.The six-stringed French vielle à roue is the best known and most common sort. A number of regional forms developed, but outside France the instrument
was considered a folk instrument and there were no schools of construction that could have determined a standard form.There are two primary body styles for contemporary instruments: guitar-bodied and lute-backed. Both forms are found in French-speaking areas,
while guitar-bodied instruments are the general form elsewhere. The box form of the simphonia is also commonly found among players of early music
and historical re-enactors.StringsWheel and tangents on a French type hurdy-gurdy with three chanterelles (melody strings). The keyboard is visible on the right side of the picture.
Historically, strings were made of gut, which is still a preferred material today and modern instruments are mounted with violin (D or A) and
cello (A, G, C) strings.[8]:10–12 However, metal strings have become common in the twentieth century, especially for the heavier drone strings or
for lower melody strings if octave tuning is used. Nylon is also sometimes used, but is disliked by many players. Some instruments also have
optional sympathetic strings, generally guitar or banjo B strings.[8]:10–12The drone strings produce steady sounds at fixed pitches. The melody string(s) (French chanterelle(s), Hungarian dallamhúr(ok)) are stopped with
tangents attached to keys that change the vibration length of the string, much as a guitarist uses his or her fingers on the fretboard of a guitar.
In the earliest hurdy-gurdies these keys were arranged to provide a Pythagorean temperament, but in later instruments the tunings have varied widely,
with equal temperament most common because it allows easier blending with other instruments. However, because the tangents can be adjusted to tune
individual notes, it is possible to tune hurdy-gurdies to almost any temperament as needed. Most contemporary hurdy-gurdies have 24 keys that cover
a range of two chromatic octaves.To achieve proper intonation and sound quality, each string of a hurdy-gurdy must be wrapped with cotton or similar fibers. The cotton on melody
strings tends to be quite light, while drone strings have heavier cotton. Improper cottoning results in a raspy tone, especially at higher pitches.
In addition, individual strings (in particular the melody strings) often have to have their height above the wheel surface adjusted by having small
pieces of paper placed between the strings and the bridge, a process called shimming. Shimming and cottoning are connected processes since either
one can affect the geometry of the instrument\'s strings.Buzzing bridgeEntire buzzing bridge system for a French-style instrument, with part labels
In some types of hurdy-gurdy, notably the French vielle à roue (\'fiddle with a wheel\') and the Hungarian tekerőlant (tekerő for short), makers have
added a buzzing bridge—called a chien (French for dog) or recsegő (Hungarian for \"buzzer\")—on one drone string. Modern makers have increased the
number of buzzing bridges on French-style instruments to as many as four. This mechanism consists of a loose bridge under a drone string. The tail
of the buzzing bridge is inserted into a narrow vertical slot (or held by a peg in Hungarian instruments) that holds the buzzing bridge in place
(and also serves as a bridge for additional drone strings on some instruments).The free end of the dog (called the hammer) rests on the soundboard of the hurdy-gurdy and is more or less free to vibrate. When the wheel is
turned regularly and not too fast the pressure on the string (called the trompette on French instruments) holds the bridge in place, sounding a
drone. When the crank is striken, the hammer lifts up suddenly and vibrates against the soundboard, producing a characteristic rhythmic buzz that
is used as an articulation or to provide percussive effect, especially in dance pieces.On French-style instruments, the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge can be altered by turning a peg called a tirant in the tailpiece of the
instrument that is connected by a wire or thread to the trompette. The tirant adjusts the lateral pressure on the trompette and thereby sets
the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge to changes in wheel velocity. When hard to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said \"sec\" (dry),
\"chien sec\" or \"coup sec\". When easy to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said \"gras\" (fat), \"chien gras\", or \"coup gras\".There are various stylistic techniques that are used as the player turns the crank, striking the wheel at various points in its revolution.
This technique is often known by its French term, the coup-de-poignet (or, more simply, the shortened coup). The percussion is transmitted to
the wheel by striking the handle with the thumb, fingers or base of the thumb at one or more of four points in the revolution of the wheel
(often described in terms of the clock face, 12, 3, 6 and 9 o\'clock) to achieve the desired rhythm. A long buzz can also be achieved by
accelerating the wheel with the handle. It is called either \"un glissé\" (a slide) or \"une trainée\" (a streak).On the Hungarian tekerő the same control is achieved by using a wedge called the recsegőék (control wedge, or literally \"buzzer wedge\") that
pushes the drone string downward. In traditional tekerő playing, the buzzing bridge is controlled entirely by the wrist of the player and has
a very different sound and rhythmic possibilities from those available on French instruments.French and Hungarian buzzing bridgesFrench type buzzing bridgeHungarian type buzzing bridge (on a bass tekerő)Regional types
Regional types of hurdy-gurdies since the Renaissance can also be classified based on wheel size and the presence or absence (and type) of a
buzzing bridge. The following description of various types uses this framework:[14][15]:23–40Small wheel
Small-wheeled (wheel diameter less than 14 cm, or about 5.5 inches) instruments are traditionally found in Central and Eastern Europe. They feature
a broad keybox and the drone strings run within the keybox. Because of the small size of the wheel these instruments most commonly have three
strings: one melody string, one tenor drone and one bass drone. They sometimes have up to five strings.String-adjusted buzzing bridge
German pear-shaped Drehleier. Two to three drone strings and one or two chromatic melody strings. Characteristic V-shaped pegbox. Often extensively
decorated. The type of buzzing bridge found on this instrument usually has the adjustment peg set in a block next to the string, rather than in the
tailpiece (as is typical of French instruments).
Wedge-adjusted buzzing bridge
tekerőlant (Hungarian). Usually two drones (sometimes three) + one or two chromatic melody strings. The broad keybox is often carved or decorated
extensively.
Tyrolian Drehleier (Austria). Very similar to the tekerőlant, but usually has a diatonic keyboard. May be the historical source for the tekerő.
No buzzing bridgeSlovak-style hurdy-gurdy (ninera) made and played by Tibor Koblicek
lira korbowa (Poland). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string.
lira/лира (Russia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Evenly spaced keyboard.
lira/ліра (Ukraine). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Two body types: carved from a single piece of wood and guitar-shaped
with transverse pegs and mult-piece construction with vertical pegs. Evenly spaced keyboard.
ninera/kolovratec (Slovakia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Broad keybox. Superficially similar to the tekerő, but lacks
the buzzing bridge.
lira/vevlira (Sweden). Revived in the twentieth century based on historical examples. Two body forms: an elongated boxy shape and a long pear shape.
Usually diatonic, but has been extended with a chromatic range with the additional keys placed below the normal diatonic range (the opposite of most
chromatic hurdy-gurdy keyboards)
German tulip-shaped Drehleier. Three drones + one diatonic melody string
Large wheel
Large-wheeled instruments (wheel diameters between 14 and 17 cm, or about 5.5 – 6.6 inches) are traditionally found in Western Europe. These
instruments generally have a narrow keybox with drone strings that run outside the keybox. They also generally have more strings and doubling
or tripling of the melody string is common. Some modern instruments have as many as fifteen strings played by the wheel, although the most
common number is six.String-adjusted buzzing bridge
vielle à roue (French). Usually four drones + two melody strings, but often extended to have more strings. Two body forms: guitar-bodied and lute-
backed (vielle en luth). French instruments generally have a narrow key box with drone strings that run on the outside of the key box. Traditional
French instruments have two melody strings and four drone strings with one buzzing bridge. Contemporary instruments often have more: the instrument
of well-known player Gilles Chabenat has four melody strings fixed to a viola tailpiece, and four drone strings on a cello tailpiece. This
instrument also has three trompette strings.
Niněra (Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody
strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found. Other mechanisms for adjusting the amount of \"buzz\" on the trompette string.
No buzzing bridge
Zanfona (Spain). Typically guitar-shaped body, with three melody strings, and two drone strings. Some older examples had a diatonic keyboard, and
most modern models have a chromatic keyboard. Zanfonas are usually tuned to the key of C major, with the melody strings tuned in unison to G above
the middle C on the piano. The drones are: the bordonciño in G (one octave below the melody strings) and the bordón in C (two octaves below middle C).
Sometimes, two of the melody strings are in unison, and the remaining string is tuned an octave lower, in unison with the bordonciño (this string
was sometimes known as the human voice, because it sounds as if someone is humming the melody an octave lower).
niněra (Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody
strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found.
Musicians
Ritchie Blackmore Mykola Budnyk Dorothy Carter Cellar Darling Régine Chassagne Valentin Clastrier Rémy Couvez Jean-François Dutertre Nigel Eaton
Eluveitie Faun Jem Finer Gaia Consort Ben Grossman Patricia Büchler (Patty Gurdy)[16] Keiji Haino Andy Irvine Ithilien Paul, Kathy, Barby Kelly
Anna Katharina Kränzlein Matthias Loibner Metallica Anna Murphy Candice Night Emmanuelle Parrenin Dominique Regef Saltatio Mortis Storm Seeker
Source: Wikipedia